International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
Volume 93, Issue 1 , Pages 5-12 , April 2006

Intrauterine growth restriction

  • K. Haram

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Fax: +47 55 97 49 68.
  • ,
  • E. Søfteland

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • ,
  • R. Bukowski

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA

Received 18 October 2005 ,Revised 23 November 2005 ,Accepted 30 November 2005.

References 

  1. Harkness UF, Mari G. Diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth restriction. Clin Perinatol. 2004;31:743–764vi
  2. Geirsson RT. Ultrasound: the rational way to determine gestational age. Fetal Matern Med Rev. 1997;9:133–146
  3. Altman DG, Chitty LS. New charts for ultrasound dating of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;10:174–191
  4. Hadlock FP, Deter RL, Harrist RB, Park SK. Fetal head circumference: relation to menstrual age. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138:649–653
  5. Johnsen SL, Rasmussen S, Sollien R, Kiserud T. Fetal age assessment based on ultrasound head biometry and the effect of maternal and fetal factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:716–723
  6. Chervenak FA, Skupski DW, Romero R, Myers MK, Smith-Levitin M, Rosenwaks Z, et al. How accurate is fetal biometry in the assessment of fetal age?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:678–687
  7. Baschat AA. Pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction: implications for diagnosis and surveillance. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2004;59:617–627
  8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . Intrauterine growth restriction. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician–gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;72:85–96
  9. Loeffler FE. Clinical foetal weight prediction. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967;74:675–677
  10. Bais JM, Eskes M, Pel M, Bonsel GJ, Bleker OP. Effectiveness of detection of intrauterine growth retardation by abdominal palpation as screening test in a low risk population: an observational study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;116:164–169
  11. Jacobsen G. Prediction of fetal growth deviations by use of symphysis–fundus height measurements. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1992;8(Suppl 1):152–159
  12. Lu MC, Tache V, Alexander GR, Kotelchuck M, Halfon N. Preventing low birth weight: is prenatal care the answer?. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;13:362–380
  13. Neilson JP. Symphysis–fundal height measurement in pregnancy (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library. 2004;p. 1–9
  14. Mongelli M, Gardosi J. Symphysis–fundus height and pregnancy characteristics in ultrasound-dated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:591–594
  15. Steingrimsdottir T, Cnattingius S, Lindmark G. Symphysis–fundus height: construction of a new Swedish reference curve, based on ultrasonically dated pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74:346–351
  16. Gardosi J, Francis A. Controlled trial of fundal height measurement plotted on customised antenatal growth charts. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:309–317
  17. Dudley NJ. A systematic review of the ultrasound estimation of fetal weight. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25:80–89
  18. Warsof SL, Cooper DJ, Little D, Campbell S. Routine ultrasound screening for antenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67:33–39
  19. Royston P, Wright EM. How to construct ‘normal ranges’ for fetal variables. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;11:30–38
  20. Lin CC, Sheikh Z, Lopata R. The association between oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76:1100–1104
  21. Vandenbosche RC, Kirchner JT. Intrauterine growth retardation. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58:1384–1390
  22. Chauhan SP, Doherty DD, Magann EF, Cahanding F, Moreno F, Klausen JH. Amniotic fluid index vs. single deepest pocket technique during modified biophysical profile: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:661–667
  23. Ott WJ. Reevaluation of the relationship between amniotic fluid volume and perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1803–1809
  24. Banks EH, Miller DA. Perinatal risks associated with borderline amniotic fluid index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:1461–1463
  25. Gardosi J. The application of individualised fetal growth curves. J Perinat Med. 1998;26:333–338
  26. Gardosi J. Customized fetal growth standards: rationale and clinical application. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28:33–40
  27. Mongelli M, Gardosi J. Reduction of false-positive diagnosis of fetal growth restriction by application of customized fetal growth standards. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:844–848
  28. Gardosi J, Chang A, Kalyan B, Sahota D, Symonds EM. Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet. 1992;339:283–287
  29. Alfirevic Z, Neilson JP. Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:1379–1387
  30. Nienhuis SJ, Vles JS, Gerver WJ, Hoogland HJ. Doppler ultrasonography in suspected intrauterine growth retardation: a randomized clinical trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;9:6–13
  31. McCowan LM, Harding JE, Roberts AB, Barker SE, Ford C, Stewart AW. A pilot randomized controlled trial of two regimens of fetal surveillance for small-for-gestational-age fetuses with normal results of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:81–86
  32. Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ. Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:321–327
  33. Pearce JM, Robinson G. Fetal growth and intrauterine growth retardation. In:  Chamberlain G editors. Turnbull's Obstetrics. second ed.. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995;p. 299–312
  34. Snijders RJ, Sherrod C, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KH. Fetal growth retardation: associated malformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:547–555
  35. Wladimiroff JW, vd Wijngaard JA, Degani S, Noordam MJ, van Eyck J, Tonge HM. Cerebral and umbilical arterial blood flow velocity waveforms in normal and growth-retarded pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:705–709
  36. Khan NA, Kazzi SN. Yield and costs of screening growth-retarded infants for torch infections. Am J Perinatol. 2000;17:131–135
  37. Offenbacher S, Lieff S, Boggess KA, Murtha AP, Madianos PN, Champagne CM, et al. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part I. Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction. Ann Periodontol. 2001;6:164–174
  38. Eslick GD, Yan P, Xia HH, Murray H, Spurrett B, Talley NJ. Foetal intrauterine growth restrictions with Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1677–1682
  39. Gülmezoglu M, de OM, Villar J. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat impaired fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997;52:139–149
  40. Elimian A, Verma U, Canterino J, Shah J, Visintainer P, Tejani N. Effectiveness of antenatal steroids in obstetric subgroups. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:174–179
  41. Bernstein IM, Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Ohlsson A, Golan A The Vermont Oxford Network. Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:198–206
  42. Schaap AH, Wolf H, Bruinse HW, Smolders-De Haas H, Van EI, Treffers PE. Effects of antenatal corticosteroid administration on mortality and long-term morbidity in early preterm, growth-restricted infants. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:954–960
  43. Crowley PA. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:322–335
  44. Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Newman RB. Neonatal sepsis and death after multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:810–814
  45. Chammas MF, Nguyen TM, Li MA, Nuwayhid BS, Castro LC. Expectant management of severe preterm preeclampsia: is intrauterine growth restriction an indication for immediate delivery?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:853–858
  46. Senat MV. Corticosteroid for fetal lung maturation: indication and treatment protocols. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2002;31:5S105–5S113
  47. Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Bera AP. Vitamin K in neonates: how to administer, when and to whom. Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3:1–8
  48. Suzuki S, Iwata G, Sutor AH. Vitamin K deficiency during the perinatal and infantile period. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001;27:93–98
  49. Crowther CA, Henderson-Smart DJ. Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;CD000229
  50. Walker MC, Ferguson SE, Allen VM. Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD003580
  51. Brenner B, Kupferminc MJ. Inherited thrombophilia and poor pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;17:427–439
  52. Leitich H, Egarter C, Husslein P, Kaider A, Schemper M. A meta-analysis of low dose aspirin for the prevention of intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:450–459
  53. Coomarasamy A, Honest H, Papaioannou S, Gee H, Khan KS. Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia in women with historical risk factors: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1319–1332
  54. Vainio M, Kujansuu E, Iso-Mustajarvi M, Maenpaa J. Low dose acetylsalicylic acid in prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation in women with bilateral uterine artery notches. BJOG. 2002;109:161–167
  55. Vainio M, Kujansuu E, Iso-Mustajarvi M, Maenpaa J. Low dose acetylsalicylic acid in prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation in women with bilateral uterine artery notches. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;109:161–167
  56. Ural S, Nagey DA. Preventing intrauterine growth retardation with aspirin: does it work?. Birth. 1998;25:54–55
  57. Uzan S, Beaufils M, Dumont A, Merviel P, Challier JC, Breart G. Does aspirin still have a role during pregnancy?. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1998;13:131–132
  58. Uzan S. Aspirin and prevention of vascular complications: there are still indications. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15:4–6
  59. Kupferminc MJ, Fait G, Many A, Lessing JB, Yair D, Bar-Am A, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of obstetric complications in women with thrombophilias. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2001;20:35–44
  60. Allahbadia GN, Allahbadia SG. Low molecular weight heparin in immunological recurrent abortion-the incredible cure. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2003;20:82–90
  61. Franklin RD, Kutteh WH. Effects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin on antiphospholipid antibody binding in vitro. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:455–462
  62. Franklin RD, Kutteh WH. Effects of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin on antiphospholipid antibody binding in vitro. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:455–462
  63. Laskin CA, Bombardier C, Hannah ME, Mandel FP, Ritchie JW, Farewell V, et al. Prednisone and aspirin in women with autoantibodies and unexplained recurrent fetal loss. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:148–153
  64. Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ. 1997;314:253–257
  65. Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth 8. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD000109
  66. Greenberger PA, Patterson R. The outcome of pregnancy complicated by severe asthma. Allergy Proc. 1988;9:539–543
  67. Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, Saftlas A, Beckett WS, Leaderer BP. Asthma symptoms, severity, and drug therapy: a prospective study of effects on 2205 pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:739–752
  68. Schatz M, Zeiger RS, Hoffman CP, Harden K, Forsythe A, Chilingar L, et al. Perinatal outcomes in the pregnancies of asthmatic women: a prospective controlled analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1170–1174
  69. Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth 7. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;CD000137
  70. Lees C, Valensise H, Black R, Harrington K, Byiers S, Romanini C, et al. The efficacy and fetal-maternal cardiovascular effects of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the prophylaxis of pre-eclampsia and its complications: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;12:334–338
  71. Gülmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ. Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD000034

PII: S0020-7292(05)00644-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.11.011

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
Volume 93, Issue 1 , Pages 5-12 , April 2006